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本帖最后由 邓文龙 于 2021-12-4 20:52 编辑
3.5.4 抗病毒治疗的新发现
根据MERS-CoV实验室检测技术指南的S蛋白结构和功能,特别是S1受体结合结构域和S2七肽重复序列1(HR1)可作为实验室检测靶位,也是抗病毒药物治疗的靶标[34]。目前在抗MERS-CoV治疗的进展方面,重点包括以中和单克隆抗体(mAbs)、抗病毒肽(S-靶向中和性单克隆抗体和肽)及小分子药物等针对靶点的研究[35,36,37]。临床治疗方案仍使用康复者血清、干扰素(IFN)或干扰素联合利巴韦林等措施。有报道以恒河猴为研究对象的试验显示,IFNα-2b联合利巴韦林可减少病毒复制,降低宿主的炎症反应,改善预后[34]。但仍有许多学者对这种联合不认同,并建议对2015年版MERS诊疗方案提出修正的意见。近期研究者发现有4种抑制病毒药物较有前途,现重点介绍如下。
3.5.4.1 腺苷类似物
BCX4430是一种直接作用的抗病毒药物,正在研究用于治疗埃博拉病毒等高致病性病毒对严重和威胁生命的感染[38]。其作用机制是细胞激酶将BCX4430磷酸化为模拟ATP的三磷酸,病毒RNA聚合酶将药物的单磷酸核苷酸掺入增长的RNA链中,引起过早的链终止而抑制复制。BCX4430对许多RNA病毒病原体具有体外活性,包括丝状病毒和新出现的感染因子如MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV。在体内,BCX4430在各种实验性感染中肌内,腹膜内和口服后具有活性。在涉及埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒、裂谷热病毒和黄热病病毒致死性感染的非临床研究中,BCX4430已显示出明显的疗效。在几个模型的实验中,发现病毒载量的降低和存活的改善与BCX4430的剂量相关。目前正在进行健康受试者肌内注射BCX4430的Ⅰ期临床试验。
GS-5734是一种腺苷类似物的单磷酰胺酯前体,可通过阻止病毒RNA复制而发挥作用。GS-5734是一种小分子药物,具有广谱的抗病毒活性,除了埃博拉病毒外,已证明对中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒、马尔堡病毒等均有活性,是目前最有希望的抗病毒药[39]。2015年,在圣地亚哥召开的美国疾病周会议上的一项由美国陆军传染病医学研究所(USAMRIID)和Gilead科学公司的科研人员共同进行的一项研究表明,新化合物GS-5734是具有药理活性的三磷酸核苷(NTP),靶向病毒RNA聚合酶,可有效抑制埃博拉病毒的扩散和复制。在对6只恒河猴感染埃博拉病毒的动物模型中,发现所有感染在3 d后注射GS-5734(10 mg/d,12 d),存活率可达100%[40]。该药物能使外周血单核细胞中的NTP存在持续水平(半衰期14 h),并可分布到包括睾丸、眼睛和大脑等病毒复制的保护点,表明其可清除持续的病毒感染。研究人员与Gilead公司合作,正在为沙特阿拉伯的MERS患者开发该药的Ⅰ期试验。GS-5734适用于大规模生产,并且正在研究药物安全性和药代动力学的临床研究,可能是当前最有前途的广谱抗病毒药物。
3.5.4.2 霉酚酸(Mycophenolic acid)
霉酚酸是治疗自身免疫性疾病的药物,近来发现联合利巴韦林在体外可以抑制登革病毒[41,42]。Cheng等[43]发现SARS-CoV PL抑制剂6-巯基嘌呤(6MP)和6-硫鸟嘌呤(6TG)与霉酚酸能够抑制MERS-CoV的重要抗病毒靶标-木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PL pro),而木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶对病毒成熟是必需的。并对其中的抑制机制和相互结合的协同效应进行研究,首次发现了3种针对MERS-CoV PL pro的抑制剂,可用作进一步抗病毒药物开发的先导化合物。因此,研究者提出干扰素-β1b联合霉酚酸对MERS-CoV的体外抗病毒活性更具针对性,可作为中东呼吸综合征患者的试验性治疗方案。目前临床应用为霉酚酸的前体,称为"霉酚酸酯(Mycophenolate mofetil)"。
3.5.4.3 萘莫司他(Nafamostat)
日本科学家成功确认了萘莫司他为一种能够有效抑制MERS-CoV感染的药物[37]。实验发现,萘莫司他对丝氨酸蛋白酶有很强的选择性抑制作用,与原有的融合抑制剂相比,仅需要1%的浓度即可抑制MERS-CoV的膜融合。低浓度萘莫司他能够有效抑制MERS-CoV对细胞的感染。
萘莫司他为蛋白酶抑制剂,1992年即发现可抑制流感病毒(甲、乙型)、呼吸道合胞病毒及麻疹病毒[36]。近年来,发现其对MERS-CoV也有抑制作用。临床上以甲磺酸萘莫司他广泛用于胰腺炎,静脉滴注,一次10 mg,溶于5%葡萄糖注射液500 mL中静脉滴注2 h,一日1~2次,根据病情适当增减剂量。治疗MERS可参考此剂量与用法。
4 结束语
目前有关冠状病毒及其对人类感染的危害性问题,已引发人们高度警惕,并积极开展深入的研究。但仍有很多的问题有待解决,如病源动物和人之间可能有哪些直接或间接的传播途径,人与人之间是否具有大规模传播的可能性;动物体内冠状病毒的变异与受体的突变,出现跨种传播可能性的预测;疾病流行过程中病毒的突变及毒力的变化性,如何阻断病毒的传播及研制出有效的抗病毒药物及预防疫苗等。这需要各国投入更多的调查及研究,以便实施有效的预防及监控措施。
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