自闭症 症状关联等 Autism symptom associations, etc

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自闭症 症状关联等 Autism symptom associations, etc

自闭症 症状关联等 ：    自闭症谱系障碍（Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD）是一种神经发育障碍，其症状主要表现为社会交往障碍、重复刻板行为、兴趣狭窄等，具体症状因个体而异，且严重程度不同。
1. 核心症状
（1）社会交往和沟通障碍
• 非语言交流困难：缺乏眼神接触、面部表情不自然、不善于使用或理解手势。
• 语言发育迟缓或异常：有些儿童可能完全不会说话，或说话方式异常（如重复语言、语调单调）。
• 缺乏社交兴趣：对他人不感兴趣，不主动与同龄人互动，难以建立友谊。
• 缺乏共情能力：难以理解他人情绪或表达自己的感受。
（2）重复刻板行为和兴趣狭窄
• 重复性动作：如拍手、转圈、摇晃身体、来回跑动。
• 坚持特定的日常习惯：对环境或日常活动的改变非常敏感，喜欢固定的路线、食物、衣物等。
• 专注于特定兴趣：对某些物品、话题或活动有极端的兴趣，如钟表、数字、地图等。
• 感官异常：对声音、光线、触觉、气味等特别敏感或迟钝，如害怕某些声音或喜欢摸特定质感的物品。
2. 其他常见症状
（1）认知和学习特点
• 智力水平差异大：部分患者智力正常或超常（如高功能自闭症），部分患者有智力障碍。
• 执行功能障碍：难以规划、组织任务或适应新环境。
• 注意力问题：部分患者伴有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）。
（2）情绪和行为问题
• 情绪调节困难：容易焦虑、愤怒或情绪崩溃，尤其是在面对变化或压力时。
• 自伤或攻击行为：有些患者可能出现咬手、撞头等自伤行为，或攻击他人。
• 强迫性行为：过度关注某些规则或细节，表现出强迫症状。
（3）睡眠和饮食问题
• 睡眠障碍：入睡困难、夜间频繁醒来、昼夜节律紊乱。
• 饮食挑剔：对食物的颜色、气味、质地敏感，导致营养不均衡。
3. 不同年龄阶段的表现
婴幼儿期（0-3岁）
• 社交反应少：不主动找父母互动，对拥抱、逗弄反应冷淡。
• 语言发育迟缓：不会咿呀学语，或学会的语言突然退化。
• 对物品兴趣异常：如喜欢旋转物品（风扇、车轮）。
儿童期（3-12岁）
• 社交困难明显：不主动结交朋友，不参与集体活动。
• 重复行为增多：如固定走同一条路，拒绝新食物。
• 学校适应问题：可能伴随学习困难或行为问题。
青少年及成人期（12岁以上）
• 社交孤立：难以建立深厚的友谊或恋爱关系。
• 兴趣专注但狭窄：可能在某些领域表现出极高的能力（如编程、音乐）。
• 情绪问题：焦虑、抑郁、适应困难。
4. 轻重程度分类（DSM-5标准）
ASD的严重程度按社交沟通障碍和重复行为的影响程度分为三级：
• 一级（轻度）：需要支持，能进行基本社交互动，但有困难。
• 二级（中度）：需要较大支持，社交和行为问题明显影响日常生活。
• 三级（重度）：需要非常大支持，基本无法进行有效社交或独立生活。
5. 伴随疾病
• 注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）
• 智力障碍（部分患者）
• 癫痫（约20-30%的ASD患者）
• 焦虑和抑郁障碍
• 胃肠道问题（如便秘、腹泻）
总结
自闭症的症状多种多样，且因个体差异很大。从轻微的社交障碍到严重的沟通困难和行为异常，ASD患者需要不同程度的干预和支持。早期筛查和干预对于改善症状、提高生活质量至关重要。   
( Software translation )    Autism symptom associations, etc ： Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social interaction disorders, repetitive stereotyped behaviors, and narrow interests. The specific symptoms vary from individual to individual and their severity varies.
1. Core Symptoms
(1) Social interaction and communication barriers
• Difficulty in nonverbal communication: lack of eye contact, unnatural facial expressions, and difficulty using or understanding gestures.
Delayed or abnormal language development: Some children may not be able to speak at all, or have abnormal speech patterns (such as repetitive language or monotonous intonation).
Lack of social interest: Not interested in others, not actively interacting with peers, and difficult to establish friendships.
• Lack of empathy: Difficulty understanding others' emotions or expressing one's own feelings.
(2) Repetitive stereotyped behavior and narrow interests
Repetitive actions: such as clapping, spinning, shaking the body, running back and forth.
Adhere to specific daily habits: highly sensitive to changes in the environment or daily activities, preferring fixed routes, food, clothing, etc.
• Focus on specific interests: have extreme interest in certain items, topics, or activities, such as clocks, numbers, maps, etc.
• Sensory abnormalities: particularly sensitive or dull to sound, light, touch, smell, etc., such as being afraid of certain sounds or liking to touch objects with specific textures.
2. Other common symptoms
(1) Cognitive and learning characteristics
• Significant differences in intelligence levels: Some patients have normal or abnormal intelligence (such as high functioning autism), while others have intellectual disabilities.
• Executive dysfunction: difficulty in planning, organizing tasks, or adapting to new environments.
Attention problems: Some patients also have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
(2) Emotional and behavioral issues
• Difficulty regulating emotions: prone to anxiety, anger, or emotional breakdowns, especially when facing changes or stress.
• Self injury or aggressive behavior: Some patients may exhibit self injury behaviors such as biting their hands, hitting their heads, or attacking others.
Compulsive behavior: excessive attention to certain rules or details, exhibiting compulsive symptoms.
(3) Sleep and dietary issues
Sleep disorders: difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings at night, and disrupted circadian rhythms.
• Picky diet: Sensitive to the color, smell, and texture of food, leading to nutritional imbalance.
3. Performance at different age stages
Infant and toddler period (0-3 years old)
• Low social response: Not actively interacting with parents, indifferent to hugs and teasing.
Language developmental delay: inability to babble or sudden decline in learned language.
Abnormal interest in items: such as liking to rotate items (fans, wheels).
Childhood (3-12 years old)
• Obvious social difficulties: not actively making friends and not participating in group activities.
• Increased repetitive behavior: such as consistently following the same path and refusing new foods.
• School adaptation issues: may be accompanied by learning difficulties or behavioral problems.
Adolescence and adulthood (over 12 years old)
Social isolation: difficulty in establishing deep friendships or romantic relationships.
• Focused but narrow interests: may demonstrate extremely high abilities in certain fields (such as programming, music).
• Emotional issues: anxiety, depression, and difficulty adapting.
4. Classification of severity (DSM-5 criteria)
The severity of ASD is divided into three levels based on the impact of social communication disorders and repetitive behaviors:
Level 1 (mild): Requires support and can engage in basic social interactions, but has difficulties.
Level 2 (moderate): Requires significant support, with social and behavioral issues significantly affecting daily life.
Level 3 (severe): Requires significant support and is unable to effectively socialize or live independently.
5. Accompanying diseases
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Intellectual disability (some patients)
Epilepsy (approximately 20-30% of ASD patients)
• Anxiety and depression disorders
Gastrointestinal problems (such as constipation, diarrhea)
summarize
The symptoms of autism are diverse and vary greatly among individuals. From mild social impairments to severe communication difficulties and behavioral abnormalities, ASD patients require varying degrees of intervention and support. Early screening and intervention are crucial for improving symptoms and enhancing quality of life.