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发表于 2011-11-25 10:01:17
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补充说明:古梅夫国家历史文化公园
古梅夫历史与文化公园的简介
梅夫是中亚地区丝绸之路沿线最古老、保存最完好的绿洲城市。这片宽阔的绿洲横跨了4000年的人类历史,至今仍保留着许多纪念性的建筑,尤其是过去2000年来的建筑。
古梅夫国家历史文化公园登记发言的理据
古梅夫国家历史文化公园的标准(二):梅夫绿洲城市有超过四千年文化的中亚和伊朗外露的相当大的影响力。塞尔柱王朝城市的影响,特别是受影响的建筑风格和建筑装饰和科学以及文化的发展。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
古梅夫国家历史文化公园的标准(三):梅夫绿洲城市续发事件,他们的防御工事,以及他们的城市规划,几千年的中亚城市文明特殊的证词。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
古梅夫国家历史文化公园的详细描述
古梅夫国家的绿洲城市,他们的防御工事和城市布局的城市序列,以特殊方式见证了几千年的中亚文明。他们施加了相当大的影响对于中亚和伊朗四千多年的文化。塞尔柱王朝城市的影响,特别是受影响的建筑风格和建筑装饰和科学以及文化的发展。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
梅夫是在卡拉库姆沙漠中的绿洲,布哈拉和撒马尔罕的东、西线的主要过境点,在阿姆河上的十字路口,自公元前第三个世纪开始一直连接着一系列重要的城市中心。最早的青铜时代中心(公元2500年至公元前1200年)位于梅夫绿洲的北部。随着更先进的灌溉技术的发展,中心移动进一步向绿洲的南部和东部转移。它由一系列相邻的围墙城市组成。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
绿洲形成了亚历山大大帝的帝国的一部分。塞琉古帝国皇帝安提奥卡斯一世(公元前281年至261年)重新修建它,并把它命名为马尔吉安娜安条克;它是被视为与英国阶级最低的兵卡拉,以及盖瑞卡拉同等地位。伊斯兰教成为占优势的一方,由于最后一任萨珊国王的去世,伊嗣埃三世,去世于651年。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
中世纪的塞尔柱王朝的城市发展到盖瑞卡拉以西的地区。那是一座有围墙的城市苏丹克沙。这座城市是大塞尔柱帝国的首都,也是当时其主要的城市之一。其著名的图书馆,吸引了来自全国各地的伊斯兰界的学者们。在1221年至1222年,当它是由蒙古人被解雇,并在16世纪,梅夫乌兹别克归入土耳其人的统治下,一个世纪以后它被合并到波斯帝国中。在18世纪人口的增加导致创造了帝国一次稳固的扩张,被称为拜兰节阿拉汗卡拉,现在大多已经毁灭了。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
五个最早的定居点,在绿洲北部的部分地区,分别是克莱里,奎阿吉,泰普,勾讷,屠勾鲁克。克莱里被算作是两大主要遗址中的一片区域:克莱里3,有着双侧翼的四个对称的塔外墙入口,并已在西南部的门清除了房屋所占的面积,克莱里4,其中也有同塔双外壁的结构。两处遗址均是缺乏保护的,但它们包含重要的证据关于马尔吉安娜青铜时代中期。奎阿吉是来自同一时期。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
泰普是由一个由两个紧密的但是由有围墙的,一大片在南方的庭院的建筑广场的大四合院建筑区域组成。在穆尔加布三角洲是规模最大,保存完好的遗址勾讷蒂皮。青铜时代的期间,透谷克的地域已经被密集占领了。挖掘发现了几个大型的要塞建筑的遗迹。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
两个铁器时代中心亚兹/ 勾贝克立蒂皮塔克嗨白蒂皮。塔克嗨白蒂皮是整个地区最突出的遗址所在。亚兹蒂皮是有着特别重要的意义的,它已经挖掘出土了丰富陶瓷资源,提供那个时期的很多的基本类型。是近期保存完好的萨珊王朝矩形堡垒——勾贝克立。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
历史悠久的城市中心,由三个主要元素组成:厄库尔,盖瑞卡拉,卡拉和苏丹卡拉或马福沙吉安的中世纪古城。厄库尔卡拉是一个有围墙和多边形的护城河的广场,全长约30米,内部就是城堡的墙壁。厄库尔卡拉大约是在计划平方米之内,约2公里长的城墙。在内部一些重要的结构仍然是:中央贝尼马克汉清真寺和蓄水池,佛教佛塔和寺院,在西北部的“椭圆形建筑”一组群体。苏丹卡拉寨,在11世纪陵苏丹桑佳尔和独特的中世纪城市和城堡的城墙。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
在15世纪的城墙和护城河中,只有少数的宫殿的墙壁,幸存下来的城堡,是超乎寻常的兴趣,他们将继续显示着的军事建筑的演变的连续记录,从公元前5世纪至15至16公元世纪。有许多精美的清真寺以及这一时期的绿洲的陵墓。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
古梅夫国家历史文化公园资料来源:教科文组织/ 文化遗产 /西隧
古梅夫国家历史文化公园的历史描述
卡拉库姆沙漠中的绿洲自公元前第三个世纪开始,梅夫一直联系着了一系列的城市中心。最早的青铜时代中心公元2500年至公元前1200年)位于梅夫绿洲的北部。随着更先进的灌溉技术的发展,中心移动进一步向绿洲的南部和东部转移。并有一系列重要的早期铁器时代遗址。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
历史悠久的城市发展中心大约在公元前500年的绿洲的东部,它恰当的坐落在动不得优势路线。它由一系列相邻的城池组成,占用面积超过1200公顷。最古老的这些地区,厄库尔卡拉是最古老的,经过阿查克汶念时期德书面来源证明(公元前519年-331年),最主要的是,在比斯特姆大流士大帝在伊朗西部的著名的三语铭文。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
绿洲形成了亚历山大大帝的帝国的一部分。塞琉古帝国皇帝安提奥卡斯一世(公元前281年至261年)重新修建它,并把它命名为马尔吉安娜安条克;它是被视为与英国阶级最低的兵卡拉,以及盖瑞卡拉同等地位。伊斯兰教成为占优势的一方,由于最后一任萨珊国王的去世,伊嗣埃三世,去世于651年。整个帕提亚绿洲1500年被占领,从萨三念期间一直到伊斯兰时代的早期。有人曾建议,希腊和罗马的士兵,粉碎打败帕提亚,公元前53年罗马人在查谢尔的幸存者,可能已在马格纳的得到了解救。伊斯兰教成为了统治者由于在651年最后的萨珊王朝国王的去世,亚兹瑞得在三个国家之中占主导地位。然而,梅夫比绿洲在第八世纪到第十世纪时期仅仅是一个工业区,虽然中央清真寺继续使用一直到11世纪至12世纪后期。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
中世纪的塞尔柱王朝的城市发展到盖瑞卡拉以西的地区。那是一座有围墙的城市苏丹克沙。这座城市是大塞尔柱帝国的首都,也是当时其主要的城市之一。这是坚固的苏丹玛里莎哈王朝(1072年至1092年),苏丹北部和南部的郊区进一步发展,后来也由苏丹桑吉(1118年至1157年)统一统治。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
城市延伸,覆盖了超过600公顷的地域面积,大塞尔柱帝国(11 世纪至13世纪)的首都,是那段时间其帝国的主要城市之一。其著名的图书馆吸引了来自全国各地的伊斯兰世界的学者们,包括天文学家,诗人奥马尔亚姆和地理学家雅趣特哈玛维。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
在1221年至1222年辉煌的和平花朵终于战胜了暴力的统治,是被蒙古人解放,并在16世纪,梅夫乌兹别克归入土耳其人的统治下,一个世纪以后它被合并到波斯帝国中。释放了许多居民,并摧毁了复杂的供水系统。它以一种逐渐减弱的方式幸存下来,作为的帖木儿帝国(1370年至1405年)的一部分。新的和更小的城市,是已知的现在的阿卜杜拉汗卡拉,以南部的另一个遗址为基础建立的,他是帖木儿的继任者,叫作沙鲁克(1408年至47年)。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
在16世纪,梅夫乌兹别克归入土耳其人的统治下,一个世纪以后它被合并到波斯帝国中。在18世纪人口的增加导致创造了帝国一次稳固的扩张,被称为拜兰节阿拉汗卡拉,现在大多已经毁灭了。(古梅夫国家历史文化公园)
附英文原文:
State Historical and Cultural Park 'Ancient Merv'
Brief Description
Merv is the oldest and best-preserved of the oasis-cities along the Silk Route in Central Asia. The remains in this vast oasis span 4,000 years of human history. A number of monuments are still visible, particularly from the last two millennia.
Justification for Inscription
Criterion (ii): The cities of the Merv oasis have exerted considerable influence over the cultures of Central Asia and Iran for four millennia. The Seljuk city in particular influenced architecture and architectural decoration and scientific and cultural development.
Criterion (iii): The sequence of the cities of the Merv oasis, their fortifications, and their urban lay-outs bear exceptional testimony to the civilizations of Central Asia over several millennia.
Long Description
The sequence of the cities of the Merv oasis, their fortifications and their urban layouts bear exceptional testimony to the civilizations of Central Asia over several millennia. They exerted considerable influence over the cultures of Central Asia and Iran for four millennia. The Seljuk city in particular influenced architecture and architectural decoration and scientific and cultural development.
The oasis of Merv in the Karakum Desert, at the crossing point of the Amu Darya on the main east-west route to Bukhara and Samarkand, has supported a series of urban centres since the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest Bronze Age centres (c . 2500-1200 BC) were located in the north of the oasis. With the development of more advanced irrigation techniques, the centres moved further south and east of the oasis. It consisted of a series of adjacent walled cities.
The oasis formed part of the empire of Alexander the Great. The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281-261 BC) rebuilt it and named it Margiana Antiochia; it is identified with Erk Kala and Gyaur Kala. Islam became dominant with the death of the last Sassanian king, Yazdigird III, in 651.
The medieval city of the Seljuks developed to the west of Gyaur Kala. It was walled by Sultan Malikshah. The city was the capital of the Great Seljuk Empire, and was one of the principal cities of its time. Its famous libraries attracted scholars from all over the Islamic world. In 1221-22, when it was sacked by the Mongols, and in the 16th century, Merv came under the domination of the Uzbek Turks, and a century later it was incorporated into the Persian Empire. An increase in population in the 18th century led to the creation of a fortified extension, known as Bairam Ala Khan Kala, now mostly ruined.
The five earliest settlements, in the northern part of the oasis, are Kelleli, Adji Kui, Taip, Gonur, and Togoluk. Kelleli is an area of settlement with two major sites: Kelleli 3, which has a double external wall with towers flanking four symmetrical entrances and an area of houses that has been cleared in the south-western sector, and Kelleli 4, which also has a double outer wall with towers. Both sites are poorly preserved, but they contain important evidence of middle Bronze Age Margiana. Adji Kui is from the same period.
Taip is constituted of two close but distinct mounds consist of a walled square area with a large courtyard building in the south. The largest and well-preserved site in the Murghab delta is Gonur Depe. The Toguluk area was densely occupied during the Bronze Age. Excavations have revealed the remains of several large fortified buildings.
Two Iron Age centres are Yaz/Gobekli Depes and Takhirbaj Depe. Takhirbaj Depe is the most prominent site in the whole area. Yaz Depe is of special importance for the fact that it has produced abundant ceramic finds that provide the basic typology for the period. Nearby is the well-preserved Partho-Sassanian rectangular fortress of Gobekli.
The historic urban centre consists of three principal elements: Erk Kala, Gyaur Kala, and the medieval city of Sultan Kala or Marv al-Shahijan. Erk Kala is a walled and moated polygonal site with walls surviving to some 30 m and an internal citadel. Gyaur Kala is roughly square in plan, with walls about 2 km long. In the interior are the remains of a number of important structures: the central Beni Makhan mosque and its cistern, the Buddhist stupa and monastery, the 'Oval Building' in the north-west quarter. Sultan Kala was walled in the 11th century, with its Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar and the unique walls of the medieval city and of the citadel.
The walls and moat of the 15th century, but only a few walls of the palace, that survive in the citadel, are of exceptional interest in that they continue the remarkable continuous record of the evolution of military architecture from the 5th century BC to the 15th-16th centuries AD. There are many fine mosques and mausolea from this period in the oasis.
Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The oasis of Merv in the Karakum Desert has supported a series of urban centres since the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest Bronze Age centres (c 2500-1200 BC) were located in the north of the oasis, where the Murghab river came to the surface and could easily be utilized. With the development of more advanced irrigation techniques, the centres moved further south, and there is a series of important Early Iron Age sites.
The historic urban centre developed around 500 BC to the east of the oasis, where it was well sited to take advantage of routes to the east. It consisted of a series of adjacent walled cities, occupying an area of more than 1200ha. The oldest of these, Erk Kala, is attested in written sources from the Achaemenian period (519-331 BC), most notably on the famous trilingual inscription of Darius the Great at Bisitun in western Iran
The oasis formed part of the empire of Alexander the Great, and Pliny the Elder suggested in his Natural History (VI, 16-17) that the Hellenistic city was founded by Alexander himself. The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281-261 BC) rebuilt it and named it Margiana Antiochia; it is identified with Erk Kala and Gyaur Kala. It was occupied for some 1500 years, throughout the Parthian and Sasanian periods and into the early Islamic period. It has been suggested that Greek and Roman soldiers, survivors of the crushing Parthian defeat of the Romans at Carrhae in 53 BC, may have been settled at Margiana. Islam became dominant with the death of the last Sasanian king, Yazdigird III in 651. However, Merv was little more than an industrial zone in the 8th-10th centuries, although the central mosque continued in use as late as the 11th-12th centuries.
The medieval city of the Seljuks developed to the west of Gyaur Kala, replacing it as the urban centre as the latter declined. It was walled by Sultan Malikshah (1072-92), and further suburban developments to the north and south were later also walled by Sultan Sanjar (1118-57).
The city, extending over more than 600ha, was the capital of the Great Seljuk Empire (11th-13th centuries), and was one of the principal cities of its period. Its famous libraries attracted scholars from all over the Islamic world, including the astronomer-poet Omar Khayyam and the geographer Yaqut al Hamavi.
This brilliant flowering came to a violent end in 1221- 22, when it was sacked by the Mongols, who slew many of its inhabitants and destroyed the complex water system. It survived in a much diminished form, as part of the empire of Timur (1370-1405) The new and much smaller city, known today as Abdullah Khan Kala was built on another site to the south by Timur's successor, Shah Rukh (1408-47).
In the 16th century Merv came under the domination of the Uzbek Turks, who ruled from Bukhara, and a century later it was incorporated into the Persian empire. An increase in population in the 18th century led to the creation of a fortified extension, known as Bairam Ala Khan Kala, now mostly ruined. |
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