标题: 自闭症 体征关联等 Association of Autism Signs, etc [打印本页] 作者: 邓文龙 时间: 昨天 21:32 标题: 自闭症 体征关联等 Association of Autism Signs, etc 自闭症 体征关联等 Association of Autism Signs, etc
自闭症 体征关联等 ： 自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的体征是指可以通过观察和检查发现的客观表现，通常涉及神经系统、生理特征、运动功能和感觉异常等方面。虽然ASD主要是通过行为表现和发育评估诊断的，但越来越多的研究发现，ASD患者可能存在某些生物学或体征上的特征。
1. 神经系统相关体征
（1）大脑结构和功能异常
• 脑容量增大（宏脑症）：约20%的ASD儿童在2-4岁时表现出大脑过度生长，特别是额叶、顶叶和颞叶。
• 胼胝体发育异常：连接左右大脑半球的信息传输通道（胼胝体）可能较小，影响大脑信息整合能力。
• 杏仁核（情绪调节中心）异常：杏仁核可能增大或功能异常，导致对社交线索的过度敏感或忽视。
• 小脑发育异常：小脑控制运动协调和情绪调节，部分ASD患者的小脑发育不足。
• 脑电图（EEG）异常：部分患者存在癫痫样放电，癫痫发作率高于普通人群（20-30%）。
2. 运动发育和体格特征
（1）运动发育迟缓
• 婴儿期：翻身、坐、爬、站、走等运动里程碑延迟。
• 精细运动困难：如手指灵活度不足，影响抓握、写字、扣纽扣等动作。
• 姿势和协调异常：步态笨拙、身体平衡感差，容易跌倒或无法完成复杂动作。
（2）肌张力异常
• 有些ASD儿童表现为肌张力低下（肌肉松弛、动作迟缓），导致爬行和行走困难。
• 另一些患者则有肌张力增高，导致动作僵硬或不协调。
（3）姿势和步态异常
• 脚尖行走（Toe Walking）：部分ASD儿童习惯于踮脚走路，这可能与感觉异常或运动控制问题相关。
• 摇摆或不稳定步态：走路时身体晃动、不平衡。
3. 感觉异常（感知觉过敏或迟钝）
（1）听觉异常
• 对某些声音极度敏感，如吸尘器、吹风机、马达声、喇叭声等。
• 对人声或名字呼唤反应迟钝或无反应（并非听力损失）。
• 对节奏性声音（如某些音乐）特别着迷或产生强烈不适。
（2）视觉异常
• 目光回避：避免眼神接触，难以对视。
• 对光线敏感：怕强光、闪烁的灯光，或喜欢盯着旋转的物体（如风扇、车轮）。
• 视觉专注点异常：喜欢看边缘、阴影、反光表面，而非关注整体画面。
（3）触觉异常
• 讨厌被触摸或拥抱，表现出抗拒反应。
• 喜欢特定材质（如绒毛、金属）的物品，并反复触摸。
• 对衣物标签、袜子松紧等感觉异常敏感。
（4）味觉和嗅觉异常
• 偏爱特定口味或质地的食物（如只吃硬质食物、拒绝糊状食物）。
• 嗅觉异常，如喜欢闻某些物品（如塑料、肥皂）。
4. 自主神经系统异常
（1）心率和血压异常
• 研究发现，一些ASD患者在压力下的心率变异性较低，说明交感神经系统功能异常，可能影响情绪调节能力。
（2）体温调节异常
• 对冷热不敏感，如冬天穿很少或夏天穿很多衣物。
（3）胃肠功能异常
• 便秘、腹泻、腹胀等问题在ASD患者中较为常见，可能与肠道菌群失衡或自主神经功能异常有关。
5. 免疫系统和代谢异常
（1）免疫功能异常
• 一些研究发现，ASD患者的免疫系统可能存在异常，如自身免疫反应增强或慢性炎症状态。
• 血液中的细胞因子水平（如IL-6、TNF-α）在部分患者中偏高，提示可能存在炎症反应。
（2）氧化应激和代谢异常
• 研究发现，一些ASD患者的**谷胱甘肽（GSH）**水平降低，提示抗氧化能力下降，可能导致神经损伤。
• 叶酸代谢异常可能与ASD有关，如部分患者对叶酸的吸收或利用受限。
（3）血清素水平异常
• ASD患者血液中的血清素（5-HT）水平较高，可能影响神经递质系统和情绪调节。
6. 头面部及体态特征（部分患者表现）
• 头围较大（相对同龄人较大，但成年后可能趋于正常）。
• 轻微的面部对称性异常，如眼距较宽、耳朵位置偏低。
• 身体比例异常，如上身较长或手指较长（与某些遗传综合征相关）。
总结
ASD不仅仅是社交和行为问题，还涉及多个系统的生理和体征异常，包括大脑结构、运动发育、感觉系统、免疫系统等。这些体征可以为早期诊断和干预提供线索，也提示ASD可能是一个涉及全身多个系统的复杂疾病。
虽然没有单一的生物标志物能确诊ASD，但随着研究的深入，这些体征可能有助于更早期、更精准的识别和干预。
( Software translation ) Association of Autism Signs, etc : The correlation between signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD): The signs of ASD refer to objective manifestations that can be observed and examined, usually involving the nervous system, physiological characteristics, motor function, and sensory abnormalities. Although ASD is primarily diagnosed through behavioral and developmental assessments, an increasing number of studies have found that ASD patients may have certain biological or physical characteristics.
1. Signs related to the nervous system
(1) Abnormal brain structure and function
• Increased brain volume (Macroneurosis): Approximately 20% of children with ASD exhibit excessive brain growth, particularly in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, between the ages of 2-4.
Abnormal development of the corpus callosum: The information transmission channel (corpus callosum) connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain may be small, affecting the brain's ability to integrate information.
Abnormal amygdala (emotion regulation center): The amygdala may be enlarged or functionally impaired, leading to excessive sensitivity or neglect of social cues.
• Abnormal cerebellar development: The cerebellum controls motor coordination and emotional regulation, and some ASD patients have insufficient cerebellar development.
Abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG): Some patients have epileptic like discharges, with a higher seizure rate than the general population (20-30%).
2. Sports development and physical characteristics
(1) Delayed motor development
During infancy, milestones such as turning over, sitting, crawling, standing, and walking are delayed.
• Difficulty with fine motor skills: such as insufficient finger dexterity, which affects grasping, writing, buttoning, and other movements.
• Abnormal posture and coordination: clumsy gait, poor body balance, easy to fall or unable to complete complex movements.
(2) Abnormal muscle tone
Some children with ASD exhibit low muscle tone (muscle relaxation, bradykinesia), leading to difficulty crawling and walking.
Other patients may experience increased muscle tone, leading to stiff or uncoordinated movements.
(3) Abnormal posture and gait
Toe Walking: Some children with ASD are accustomed to walking on tiptoes, which may be related to sensory abnormalities or motor control problems.
Swinging or unstable gait: The body shakes and becomes unbalanced while walking.
3. Abnormal sensation (sensory hypersensitivity or dullness)
(1) Auditory abnormality
Extremely sensitive to certain sounds, such as vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, Mazda noises, horn sounds, etc.
• Slow or unresponsive to human voices or name calls (not hearing loss).
• Particularly fascinated by rhythmic sounds (such as certain music) or experiencing strong discomfort.
(2) Visual abnormalities
• Eye avoidance: Avoid eye contact and make it difficult to make eye contact.
• Light sensitivity: afraid of strong light, flickering lights, or liking to stare at rotating objects (such as fans, wheels).
Visual focus anomaly: preferring to focus on edges, shadows, and reflective surfaces rather than the overall picture.
(3) Tactile abnormality
Hate being touched or hugged, showing resistance.
• Likes items made of specific materials (such as fluff, metal) and repeatedly touches them.
• Extremely sensitive to clothing labels, sock elasticity, and other sensations.
(4) Abnormal taste and smell
• Prefer foods with specific flavors or textures (such as only eating hard foods or refusing mushy foods).
Abnormal sense of smell, such as liking to smell certain items (such as plastic, soap).
4. Abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system
(1) Abnormal heart rate and blood pressure
Research has found that some ASD patients have lower heart rate variability under stress, indicating abnormal sympathetic nervous system function that may affect emotional regulation ability.
(2) Abnormal temperature regulation
Not sensitive to heat and cold, such as wearing very little clothing in winter or wearing a lot of clothing in summer.
(3) Abnormal gastrointestinal function
Constipation, diarrhea, bloating and other problems are more common in ASD patients, which may be related to imbalanced gut microbiota or abnormal autonomic nervous system function.
5. Immune system and metabolic abnormalities
(1) Abnormal immune function
Some studies have found that the immune system of ASD patients may have abnormalities, such as enhanced autoimmune responses or chronic inflammatory states.
The levels of cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF - α) in the blood are elevated in some patients, indicating the possibility of an inflammatory response.
(2) Oxidative stress and metabolic abnormalities
Research has found that some ASD patients have decreased levels of glutathione (GSH), indicating a decrease in antioxidant capacity and potential neurological damage.
Abnormal folate metabolism may be related to ASD, such as limited absorption or utilization of folate in some patients.
(3) Abnormal serotonin levels
ASD patients have higher levels of serotonin (5-HT) in their blood, which may affect the neurotransmitter system and emotional regulation.
6. Head, facial and body features (some patients present)
• Larger head circumference (relatively larger compared to peers, but may tend to be normal in adulthood).
Mild facial symmetry abnormalities, such as wider eye distance and lower ear position.
Abnormal body proportions, such as longer upper body or fingers (associated with certain genetic syndromes).
summarize
ASD is not only a social and behavioral issue, but also involves physiological and physical abnormalities in multiple systems, including brain structure, motor development, sensory system, immune system, etc. These signs can provide clues for early diagnosis and intervention, and also suggest that ASD may be a complex disease involving multiple systems throughout the body.
Although there is no single biomarker that can diagnose ASD, as research progresses, these signs may help with earlier and more accurate identification and intervention.
