自闭症营养学和公共卫生学 ： 自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种复杂的神经发育障碍，涉及营养学和公共卫生学等多学科领域。在营养学方面，ASD患者常表现出挑食、偏食等饮食问题，可能导致营养摄入不足。研究发现，ASD儿童通常只吃五六种食物，普遍拒绝各种水果、蔬菜和蛋白质，更偏爱零食和高脂肪、高碳水化合物类及加工食品。 这种饮食习惯可能导致维生素D、B族维生素、镁、锌和必需脂肪酸（如Omega-3）等营养素的缺乏，影响大脑发育和整体健康。
在公共卫生学层面，ASD的高发病率引起了广泛关注。据估计，美国约有1%的儿童患有ASD，且男性患病比例是女性的4~5倍。 这一趋势对教育、医疗和社会服务体系提出了巨大挑战。公共卫生机构强调，需要加强对ASD的研究、早期筛查和干预，以减轻家庭和社会的负担。
针对ASD患者的营养问题，专家建议：
• 多学科合作： ASD患者及其家庭应与包含营养师在内的专门护理团队合作，评估饮食的营养充分性，即使生长发育适宜，也可能存在营养缺乏。
• 制定个性化饮食计划： 根据患者的饮食偏好和营养需求，制定富含维生素、矿物质和必需脂肪酸的均衡饮食方案。
• 家庭参与： 指导家庭成员共同参与计划和准备营养膳食，以支持ASD患者的健康饮食习惯。
在公共卫生层面，政府和相关机构应：
• 加强ASD的流行病学研究： 了解ASD的发病率、风险因素和地域分布，为制定干预策略提供科学依据。
• 推进早期筛查和诊断： 提高公众和医疗专业人员对ASD的认识，促进早期发现和干预，以改善患者预后。
• 提供支持性服务： 为ASD患者及其家庭提供教育、心理和社会支持，减轻其生活负担，提高生活质量。
综合来看，营养学和公共卫生学在ASD的管理和干预中扮演着关键角色。通过多学科协作和全面的公共卫生策略，可有效改善ASD患者的健康状况和生活质量。
( Software translation ) Autism Nutrition and Public Health ： Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder involving multidisciplinary fields such as nutrition and public health. In terms of nutrition, patients with ASD often show picky diet, partial diet and other dietary problems, which may lead to Deficiency of Intake of nutrition. The study found that children with ASD usually eat only five or six foods, generally rejecting various fruits, vegetables and opals, and preferring snacks and high-fat, high-carbon hydrates and processed foods. This diet can lead to deficiencies in nutrients such as vitamin D, B vitamins, magnesium, zinc, and essential fatty acids (such as omega-3), which can affect the developing brain and overall wellbeing.
At the public health level, the high incidence of a disease caused widespread concern. It is estimated that 1% of children in the United States have ASD, and men are four to five times more likely than women. This trend poses huge challenges to the education, health and social services systems. Public health agencies emphasize the need to strengthen research, early screening and intervention for ASD to reduce the burden on families and society.
For people with ASD, experts recommend:
· Multidisciplinary collaboration: Individuals with ASD and their families should work with a dedicated care team that includes a dietitian to assess the nutritional adequacy of the diet.Even with appropriate growth and development, nutrition deficiency may be present.
· Develop a balanced diet rich in vitamins, mineral substances and essential fatty acids according to the patient's food preferences and nutritional needs.
· Family involvement: Instruct family members to participate in planning and preparing nutritious meals to support healthy eating habits for people with ASD.
At the public health level, governments and relevant agencies should:
· To strengthen the epidemiological study of ASD: to understand the incidence of a disease and the geographical distribution of the epidemic disease.
· Advancing Early Screening and Diagnosis: To raise awareness of ASD among the public and healthcare professionals and to promote early detection and intervention to improve patient outcomes.
· Provide supportive services: Provide educational, psychological and social support to people with ASD and their families to reduce the burden of life and improve their quality of life.
Taken together, nutrition and public health play a key role in the management and intervention of ASD. Multidisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive public health strategies can effectively improve the health and quality of life of people with ASD.
