雄激素增加人脑类器官的兴奋性神经源性潜能 。雄激素导致脑皮质祖细胞增殖增加、神经源性细胞库增加。转录分析和功能性实验表明下游效应作用在组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性和mTOR通路。雄激素仅特异性增加兴奋性神经祖细胞的神经源性输出，而抑制性神经元祖细胞没有增加。雄性激素处理后兴奋性神经元数目高出9.4%，而男性大脑兴奋性神经元高出女性9.8%，这说明雄性激素可以促进神经元祖细胞处于增殖状态，并随后促使兴奋性神经元数目增加。临床上精神分裂症、自闭症（孤独症）等病人、男性为多。能多。本文为雄激素、大脑发育、精神疾病关联基础医学研究论文。
(Google Translate: )
Nature: Why do men have big heads? About 9% more excitatory neurons
Androgens increase the excitatory neurogenic potential of human brain organoids. Androgens lead to increased proliferation of cerebral cortical progenitor cells and an increase in the neurogenic cell pool. Transcriptional analysis and functional assays indicated downstream effects on histone deacetylase activity and the mTOR pathway. Androgens specifically increased neurogenic output only from excitatory neural progenitors, but not from inhibitory neuronal progenitors. The number of excitatory neurons was 9.4% higher after androgen treatment, while the number of excitatory neurons in the male brain was 9.8% higher than that in females, indicating that androgen can promote the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells and subsequently increase the number of excitatory neurons. Clinically, patients with schizophrenia and autism (autism) are mostly male. Can more. This article is a basic medical research paper on androgen, brain development, and mental illness.
（グーグル翻訳： ）
自然：なぜ男性は頭が大きいのですか？ 興奮性ニューロンが約9％多い
アンドロゲンは、人間の脳オルガノイドの興奮性神経原性の可能性を高めます。 アンドロゲンは、大脳皮質前駆細胞の増殖の増加と神経原性細胞プールの増加をもたらします。 転写分析および機能アッセイは、ヒストンデアセチラーゼ活性およびmTOR経路に対する下流の影響を示した。 アンドロゲンは、興奮性神経前駆細胞からのみ神経原性出力を特異的に増加させましたが、抑制性神経前駆細胞からは増加させませんでした。 アンドロゲン治療後の興奮性ニューロンの数は9.4％増加しましたが、男性の脳の興奮性ニューロンの数は女性のそれより9.8％高く、アンドロゲンがニューロン前駆細胞の増殖を促進し、その後興奮性の数を増加させることができることを示していますニューロン。 臨床的には、統合失調症と自閉症（自閉症）の患者は主に男性です。 もっとできます。 この記事は、アンドロゲン、脳の発達、および精神疾患に関する基本的な医学研究論文です。
BioArt
2022/02/15
论文
论文标题：Androgens increase excitatory neurogenic potential in human brain organoids
作者：Kelava, Iva, Chiaradia, Ilaria, Pellegrini, Laura, Kalinka, Alex T., Lancaster, Madeline A.
期刊：Nature
发表时间：2022/01/19
数字识别码：10.1038/s41586-021-04330-4
摘要：The biological basis of male–female brain differences has been difficult to elucidate in humans. The most notable morphological difference is size, with male individuals having on average a larger brain than female individuals1,2, but a mechanistic understanding of how this difference arises remains unknown. Here we use brain organoids3 to show that although sex chromosomal complement has no observable effect on neurogenesis, sex steroids—namely androgens—lead to increased proliferation of cortical progenitors and an increased neurogenic pool. Transcriptomic analysis and functional studies demonstrate downstream effects on histone deacetylase activity and the mTOR pathway. Finally, we show that androgens specifically increase the neurogenic output of excitatory neuronal progenitors, whereas inhibitory neuronal progenitors are not increased. These findings reveal a role for androgens in regulating the number of excitatory neurons and represent a step towards understanding the origin of sex-related brain differences in humans.
2022年1月19日，来自英国剑桥大学的Madeline A. Lancaster研究组在Nature上发表题为Androgens increase excitatory neurogenic potential in human brain organoids的文章，发现雄性激素可以促进大脑皮质祖细胞增殖，这也许是可以解释男性和女性大脑的差异的具体机制之一。
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