2022/01/19
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论文
论文标题:ER proteins decipher the tubulin code to regulate organelle distribution
作者:Zheng, Pengli, Obara, Christopher J., Szczesna, Ewa, Nixon-Abell, Jonathon, Mahalingan, Kishore K., Roll-Mecak, Antonina, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Blackstone, Craig
期刊:Nature
发表时间:2021/12/15
数字识别码:10.1038/s41586-021-04204-9
摘要:
Organelles move along differentially modified microtubules to establish and maintain their proper distributions and functions1,2. However, how cells interpret these post-translational microtubule modification codes to selectively regulate organelle positioning remains largely unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of diverse morphologies that extends promiscuously throughout the cytoplasm3, forming abundant contacts with other organelles4. Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum morphology is tightly linked to neurologic disorders and cancer5,6. Here we demonstrate that three membrane-bound endoplasmic reticulum proteins preferentially interact with different microtubule populations, with CLIMP63 binding centrosome microtubules, kinectin (KTN1) binding perinuclear polyglutamylated microtubules, and p180 binding glutamylated microtubules. Knockout of these proteins or manipulation of microtubule populations and glutamylation status results in marked changes in endoplasmic reticulum positioning, leading to similar redistributions of other organelles. During nutrient starvation, cells modulate CLIMP63 protein levels and p180–microtubule binding to bidirectionally move endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes for proper autophagic responses.
2021年12月15日,来自美国国立卫生研究院的Craig Blackstone团队在Nature杂志上在线发表了题为ER proteins decipher the tubulin code to regulate organelle distribution的研究论文,阐释了内质网蛋白调控细胞器分布的具体机制。研究人员证明了三种膜结合的内质网蛋白优先与不同的微管群体相互作用:CLIMP63结合中心体微管,KTN1结合核周多聚谷氨酰化微管,p180结合单谷氨酰化微管。这些内质网蛋白质的敲除或微管群的操纵和谷氨酰化状态改变均会导致内质网定位的显著变化,进而引起其他细胞器在胞内的重新分布。
大多数关于ER shaping和细胞器接触的研究都集中在外周管状ER,而更致密的核周ER是如何形成和不对称分布的目前还不清楚。三种ER膜结合蛋白— CLIMP63,p180和KTN1—主要定位于核周ER,被认为是内质网片状形成(sheet-forming)蛋白【3】。作者首先探究了这三个蛋白在调控内质网形态和分布中的功能。如图1所示,在CLIMP63和KTN1单敲除细胞的外周ER中的致密基质或片状结构数量增加,该现象定义为“分散(dispersed)”表型;而p180敲除细胞中的ER则表现出一种相反的“聚集(clustered)”表型——其外周网络保持管状,但核周 ER 在核的一侧不对称地塌陷成较小的区域;CLIMP63-KTN1双敲导致更明显的“dispersed”ER,而CLIMP63-p180双敲细胞中的ER与野生型中的类似;值得注意的是,p180-KTN1双敲造成比p180单敲更多的ER聚集;在CLIMP63-p180-KTN1三敲的细胞中,高密度的ER基质或片状结构在核周区域富集。
为了更好地定量评估ER形态和分布的变化,作者开创了互补算法(complementary algorithms),利用基于概率密度估计的统计方法来分析荧光标记的ER和其他细胞器的空间分布,使用实验得出的空间概率质量函数来量化图像上的荧光变化,以计算细胞器的径向分布和细胞不对称程度。数据显示,CLIMP63 和 KTN1 单敲除或双敲除增加了 ER 平均分布半径 (Mean distribution radius, MDR),说明ER 的外周分布更广;相反,p180敲除或p180-KTN1双敲增加了ER不对称性。其中微管MDR和不对称性仅略有变化。
接下来,作者对其他细胞器的分布进行了分析。通过同时对六个细胞器的活体成像显示,大多数细胞器的分布与ER相似,提示 ER 可能广泛调节细胞器分布。值得注意的是,在CLIP63-,p180-和KTN1-敲除细胞中,所有细胞器都表现出与ER相似的分布变化:在CLIMP63-或KTN1-敲除细胞中更分散,在p180-敲除细胞中更不对称。此外,分散ER的CCP1过表达也增加了野生型细胞中溶酶体,线粒体和过氧化物酶体的MDR。
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