Figure 1 Main pathways of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) actions. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is composed of classical and non-classical approaches. The non-classical axis cuts an angiotensin I (Ang I) residue by ACE2 to generate Ang-(1-9), and degrades the main effector of RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II), into the vasodilator Ang-(1-7), which mediate the biological activity through Mas receptor (MasR), forming the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis to balance the activity of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis. AT1R: angiogenin II type 1 receptor.
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