阿尔茨海默病(AD)是继心血管疾病、癌症和脑卒中之后人类第4位死因的疾病,严重危害着老年人的身体健康和生活质量,病理学上以细胞外老年斑 (SPs)形成及神经细胞内神经原纤维缠结(NFTs)为主要特征。导致 AD 的原发因素尚不明确,其发病机制十分复杂,一般认为与遗传、环境、年龄、代谢、性别等因素有关。本文就AD发生发展过程中神经型尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的作用机制以及两者的关系进行综述和讨论。
nAChRs属于包括尼古丁、GABA、氨基乙酸及谷氨酸等递质性受体超基因家族的一员,不同的 a 和 b 亚单位在不同脑区的组合表达而产生具有特殊功能的神经型尼古丁受体亚型。尼古丁受体与很多大脑功能有关,如认知功能、记忆功能、对其他神经递质释放的调节及神经保护功能,而AD发生时有上述功能的损害并有nAChRs数量的减少和表达的低下,因此可以说在AD的发生和发展中nAChRs起着重要的作用。虽然目前仍没有完全弄清尼古丁受体是如何参与AD的发生和发展,但从以上综述可以看出,随着对nAChRs各种亚单位在大脑内的具体分布和各种亚单位的具体功能的进一步了解,以及AD时脑内各nAChRs亚型数量、表达水平与功能的进一步阐明,不仅将为阐明AD的发病机制和有效治疗提供理论依据,还为在如何有效地激活nAChR方面指明了一条新的临床治疗途径。
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